Today was a sad day in LDL. I was planning on sharing about this pair of patients, but I was hoping it would be a better outcome. A patient, K, that had been staying in the discounted housing near LDL for the last few weeks delivered on Tuesday night. She has sickle cell disease and was having multiple sickle cell crises throughout pregnancy. Then she had the misfortune to developed severe preeclampsia and possible HELLP syndrome at 30 weeks gestation. LDL has never had a baby under 30 weeks survive, and few below 3 pounds survive. K was counseled on her risk and her risk to her baby. I placed her cytotec on Tuesday night and we started her on magnesium. There are only 2 nurses and 1 CNA at LDL overnight covering the entirety of Med Surg, Labor and Delivery, and the ER. We discussed that for safety reasons, one nurse would have to be committed to Labor and Delivery. If they were overwhelmed, they would have to call in a second nurse or call me in. She did well overnight and made it to the following day with little cervical change. K was also severely anemic and had a rare antibody that was being explored that made any transfusion highly risky for reaction. The decision was made to perform a cesarean delivery for K. I watched the providers at LDL work together to coordinate the delivery of blood for K from the Red Cross across the country, a process that required the blood to be flown and then driven about 1.5 hours. LDL also doesn't have surfactant, but they were able to get it from the town 1.5 hours away because they were anticipating this delivery. As soon as everything was available, we proceeded with the cesarean delivery. The team included 3 operating providers, one provider administering anesthesia, one scrub nurse, one nurse primarily for the baby, and 4 providers committed to the baby's resuscitation. I watched the ingenuity of the baby's providers as they prepared a bubble CPAP using a canister of water, tongue depressors, and a Y connector for oxygen. It was one of the fastest sections I've seen and it included a tubal libation per the patient's request. She is 25 and this was her first pregnancy, but she decided that a repeat pregnancy would be too high risk, despite knowing this baby had a probable less than 50% chance of survival. Her suction canister had no more than 100 cc of blood in it. The baby had an initial Apgar of 0 and was briefly intubated, but was able to be transitioned to CPAP. He was placed in a Ziploc bag for temperature regulation. He had an umbilical line and NG tube placed. He received his surfactant. He weighed just over 2 pounds. The team was hopeful but cognizant of their last early premature infant that died at 48 hours of life. LDL doesn't have the luxury to ship babies to a different hospital because they are not a level III NICU and cannot take babies under a certain gestational age. So they get creative and work as a team to do everything they can to give baby J the past chance he can get. He was undergoing phototherapy on Thursday. He was stable on CPAP and maintaining his temperature with the warmer alone. He was strong with an opinion. He made it past 48 hours. But this morning, the nurses called a code blue. When I walked in the room (the first provider to arrive and probably the one with the least amount of NICU experience), his oxygen saturation was in the 40s despite bag masking him. He had likely become apneic and there wasn't a quick enough or adequate enough response despite one-to-one nursing. We struggled to get his oxygen above 70% and it was often below 50%. Blood prevented adequate visualization for intubation. His heart rate started to slow. A tech was called in for a chest x-ray. They attempted needle decompression for possible pneumothorax. He got fluids and epinephrine. They had caffeine ready. But he wouldn't breathe on his own and we could barely maintain his saturations even with good chest rise. He was finally intubated but with no improvement. So we took out his tubes and his family came in to hold him as he died. Would he have died in the states? I don't know. I watched heroic efforts and creative thinking. I watched a team commit to this patient. It was beautiful and tragic. I hoped to talk about how well he was doing with his limited resources. I still think incredible work happened for him. But would he have died in the states?

It has been a busy week for me. I started to see my own clinic patients on Tuesday, call on Thursday, and call this weekend. This may sound silly, but I feel like I am appreciating in a very different way how underserved LDL's patients are. Let me start by saying that this global health experience is significantly different than others that I have had in the past. My first was in undergrad with Global Medical Brigades. We flew into Tegucigalpa, Honduras and would bus a couple of hours to different areas to essentially provide pop-up clinics for a single day. Those patients were underserved in different ways. They did not have access to established healthcare providers. There was a lot that we could not do in a single day clinic and we often had to bemoan our limited resources because we didn't come with specialty care. This was also a single week trip, where I served as a medical interpreter. And not even a very good one at that point in my Spanish skills. My next experience was in medical school. I went with an ENT brigade to Catacombs, Honduras to an established hospital primarily staffed by Honduran medical providers. This was again a weeklong trip. The patients we saw had been screened and selected to be seen by the brigade. And in contrast to my other trip, the providers with whom I worked were actually frustrated at times that the patients they saw weren't needy enough. I don't mean this critically, they were the specialist group and they ultimately wanted to provide their specialized services to the most appropriate patients-i.e. removing a cholesteatoma, not treating allergic rhinitis. These patients were also underserved, but I was part of the group that they had been awaiting and there weren't many pre-screened patients that we couldn't treat. My medical skills had advanced a bit, so I still served as a (more capable) medical interpreter but also participated in procedures with the excitement of an inexperienced 3rd year medical student. LDL is the first place that I have gone where I have enough medical experience to be medically useful. It is also the first place where I have filled the same role as a long term provider, though this is temporary. LDL is a mission hospital that has fulltime American staff. They have 2 surgeons, one that focuses more on orthopedics and another that focuses more on general. They have general docs and OB providers. They have a trauma/ER doc. They provide clinic hours 5 days a week and take walk-in patients as much as possible. They have a 24/7 ER. They can admit patients. They have their own running lists of patients to see visiting specialists, likely urology or ENT. There's a lot that can be done. But there are still limits. I think of my patients at Sunrise as underserved. This is true, but it is in such a different way. My patients may have trouble scheduling an appointment with their PCP. We may get frustrated that they cannot get specialty care quickly or economically. They may over or underutilize the ER. But generally speaking, their access is pretty good. There are many people that I have seen in clinic that do not have problems very different from my own patients-arthritis, GERD, rashes, neuropathy, etc. But these patients travel multiple hours to be seen, and that's not always cheap. Clinic is often wrapping up in the late afternoon because these patients are anxious to get out in time for the last bus, which is between 2 and 3. My patients have broken limbs and accidents. But they can go to an ER and be treated immediately. At LDL, they try not to call in their staff on weekends or in the middle of the night unless it is absolutely necessary. This week particularly has been frustrating because the fluoro has not been working well, so the surgeon is not even sure when he can treat certain cases. We have one patient admitted with a broken femur who is getting PO tramadol while he awaits a surgical date because this was more economical for him than trying to get his surgery at a different hospital, where the price is literally about 20 times more expensive. And some patients simply show up too late from their injury to be adequately treated. I am so impressed by the work that these long term providers have done to provide the best quality care possible. They are thoughtful about their care and reserving resources, so they try their best to make care more inexpensive and more accessible to their "local" patients (within a couple of hours of the hospital). I know that this is a constant tension for them-trying to provide high quality care with a limited number of resources. This is simply something that I just do not have to think about when it comes to 98% of patients, at least not in such a distinct way. Even though I feel like I have a global patient population with treating many patients that are refugees, I am not struggling with the unique resource limitations that come with practicing internationally.

Consider this post from Monday, 4/16/18 given some posting troubles: I  have completed my first official day at Loma de Luz. I spent it with a family nurse practitioner that has been here for a year. She had me see patients and work with the EMR, and it was fun to do things as a team. That is an emerging theme here-the long term missionaries really rely on each other. I had my typical struggle with getting accustomed to the accent and speed of the patients' speech. Today I was most struck by the tension between limited resources and relatively easy, unchecked access to medications and testing. My most recent rotation was in Sterling, where the doctor with whom I worked was diligent about making sure that the appropriate health maintenance and documentation had been completed for billing purposes. Conversely, in Loma de Luz (LDL), we are working to be thoughtful about the testing and imaging we order for patients-to consider cost/time for them, cost/time for the hospital, and to consider whether or not a test would change our management-stark contrast to the diabetic/hypertensive patients that were getting lipid panels every 3 months in Sterling. At the same time, it was frustrating to see patients that came in with ultrasound results that the providers could not assume to be reliable. We also had patients that were taking medications that would require a prescription in the states. These are medications that should be monitored and medications that might not even be appropriate for them in some cases. So patients struggle to access medical care, but pharmacies and companies are happy to take their money for medications and ultrasounds that they may not even need. Also, patients travel several hours to be seen and usually expect... something. I struggled with prescribing a patient cough syrup for a likely viral URI-it is not something I would even typically do in the states because of the extra cost with minimal benefit to the patient. But here was this patient, who had traveled several hours, for a follow-up on knee pain. She had great results from bilateral joint injections less than 2 months ago and was still doing well. She was understandably frustrated that she came back as instructed 4-6 weeks later to be seen by a different provider (her last one was in the states visiting family) only be told that she was doing well and to come back again when things changed. So she mentioned her cough and wanted something for it.  The NP with whom I was working said that patients often think the meds at LDL work better and their satisfaction is often much higher if they get something. Was this relatively harmless placebo worth this patient's extra money on top of her the cost of her consult? That I struggle to answer. The NP also talked about how patients will get ultrasounds that show gallstones, fibroids, or ovarian cysts even if they do not have symptoms. They often have to explain to patients why surgery is unnecessary and could be harmful in many cases-VOMIT (victim of medical imaging technology) right here in Honduras even without multiple CTs in a lifetime. On a different note, one of the providers here told us about a patient that he had just seen that was diagnosed with heart failure. She was taking amlodipine and had developed lower extremity edema. At a different facility, she was diagnosed with heart failure due to these symptoms and started on Lasix without any further testing. Her chest x-ray and EKG at LDL were normal. He stopped her Lasix and switched her amlodipine, then scheduled her for follow-up. He said that this is not an uncommon occurrence-they often have to correct other providers' diagnoses. So here I struggle with responsible, appropriate medical care for patients-not so different from home but in a different way. I have tremendous respect for the providers that struggle with this daily in their effort to provide the best, sustainable medical care to their patients. More in a couple of days about my first call shift!

Last Week Already??

As the rotation is winding down, I mostly find myself saying "where did the time go??" I've hit a few more speed bumps along the way, including my hostel owner forgetting that I reserved my room until April 6th, so tomorrow I get to move. Also, ironically enough, I passed out yesterday while discussing syncope in the ICU. So the gringa who already sticks out like a sore thumb just made herself that much more conspicuous. But hey, I got to experience going to the ER as a patient for the first time ever while in Ecuador. (I'm fine, fyi)

So now that I'm pretty much packed up to move tomorrow before work, I can continue my reflection on this rotation. One useful thing I've noted during this rotation is the commitment to medical education across the board. The family medicine and internal medicine faculty continuously question the residents (myself included) and students and the residents question the students. Each morning, the family medicine faculty review admissions with the residents and students. Every day there's a case review led by one of the internal medicine faculty members. Expectations are definitely high in this environment, which certainly contributes to the excellent reputation of the hospital.

As I've mentioned before, this hospital has patients who are better insured and have more resources than the majority of patients I see at Sunrise. Reflecting on resource allocation and reconciling what I experience here just has not yet been applicable. However, I've had the experience of assisting a patient who was unfamiliar with the health care system and Spanish was not his first language. While working with a family medicine physician in clinic, we saw a patient who had recently moved to Ecuador. He did not speak Spanish, but the physician and I were able to communicate with him in his native language. After his appointment was finished, he mentioned that he had difficulty finding the clinic within the hospital. So I showed him to the lab, imaging, and endoscopy lab. Today, I helped him understand the colonoscopy prep instructions. Seeing the health care system through his eyes reminded me of why I chose to work at a clinic like Sunrise where I can help patients navigate the complex health care system and confirms that that's the sort of environment I want to continue working in.

So I finally figured out how to access the blog from the hospital library (note: it was not actually hard). I have been less than compliant blogger in the face of somewhat long hours, weekend travels, weekend gringa disease, and taking advantage of the international atmosphere of my hostel to talk with fellow travelers.

So to answer the spirit of learning from my Ecuadorian colleagues, I will reflect on the medical and non-medical cultural exchange exchange I have been fortunate to participate in.
First, from a medical perspective. What has been striking to me is the fact that I am at a private hospital in the capital city that only serves those with private insurance. Those with public insurance, unless there is a true emergency, are referred to the public hospitals. In fact, the patients I see here have better access to resources in general compared to the patients I see at Sunrise. This was not the original plan as Dr Wilson and I had discussed going to Clinica Carapungo, but such is Global Health. You gotta roll with it, especially when you are only around for a short time. So while seeing patients with my local host resident, Edwin, as well as other providers I have been rotating with, we have gotten to discuss our different healthcare systems, medical education system, and treatment strategies to common diseases. Outside the obvious infectious disease difference, common things seem to be common. Heart disease, diabetes, and hypothyroidism are often seen in the outpatient "consultas externas". One glaring difference is the use of ARBs almost exclusively instead of ACEi for management of HTN. The explanations I have gotten range from "They are stronger than ACEi" to "Well if 20% of people get cough, just start with with ARB" to "This is how we practice". Other medical management differs with availability of specific medications/different generics used more commonly/different brands for common generics (often contributing to my constant "What the heck medication is that" and either asking or Googling it quickly). Overall, either US or European guidelines are followed. With the inpatient service, I have seen a number of pyelonephritis cases, osteomyelitis, C diff, IDA, stroke, encephalitis, and MIs. Management is generally similar though treatment of infectious is naturally influenced by local resistance patterns.
During downtime, a few of the residents and I have had time on various occasions to discuss differences and similarities to our education and training. I give away too much at this time except to say, like many times when you get to know someone seemingly quite different than yourself, you find more similarities than differences.

A Week In

I've been here a week now and have found some semblance of a routine. The first I was here, the 30th annual Jornadas Medicas somewhat disrupted the normal course of hospital rounds and teaching. But this week we're back to business. Yesterday was a full day of inpt work, were my host resident, Edwin, and I speed rounded on patients before morning bible reading and the overnight resident briefly checked out to the family medicine attending. Afterwards, we met up with our IM attending, Dr. Vasconez and were 'pimped' on anemia work-up. Interestingly enough, there are no family medicine attendings who see patients with the residents, only IM or peds as well as the specialists. Though per Edwin, family medicine attendings work at other hospitals, I found it somewhat counterproductive to try to promote the value of family medicine to not have FM attendings at the main residency hospital. But why do the family medicine faculty hear about the admits? More for a review of more serious/sick patients and some quick teaching for everyone present. Before we could discuss this further, we go called to admit a peds patient (yes, inpt work means both medicine and peds). Edwin, knowing my interest in OB, then advocated on my behalf to attend a c-section with our pediatric attending (which really just required asking as the pediatrician seemed very willing to have me along). So my first experience in a non-US OR was spent mostly examining the healthy newborn with the supervising pediatrician. After that, I luckily was in a good position to observe the OB/GYN close the hysterotomy, bring the rectus muscles together, etc before handing things over to the OB/GYN resident. Now if only family medicine doctors were able to do c-sections here...

So now that I'm here and we're back to the grind, what's my daily life like? Each day is different in the way my schedule worked out. I'm solely at Hospital Vozandes. This facility has two inpatient floors, including an ICU/NICU, an ER, a 24 hour lab, and "consultas externas" for both PCP and specialty clinics. My Mondays are basically entirely inpatient, with the last 2 hours spent in clinic with IM. Tuesdays are currently spent with an endocrinologist, who very much enjoys teaching, and a dietician. Wednesdays have worked out to be a cardiology day, which involved clinic and stress tests and the possibility of seeing more invasive procedures. Thursdays worked out to be a mix of rounding with ID, then joining the medicine team, and ending with dermatology. Being Ecuador, I've seen some fascinating cases already (to be explored at a later time). Fridays... well, last week neither of the attendings I was scheduled with were available so we shall see what this week brings. Responsibilities of independent direct patient care at this point are somewhat limited with lack of access to the computer system and working with such a variety of residents and specialists. It's also unclear at this point how many foreign residents have worked here and what expectations are from each individual attending I work with. The general reaction, however, tends to be "oh so you do have a basic grasp of Spanish!" Once that happens, most have been excited to teach and answer questions. We'll see what the rest of week brings...

Global Health Track International Elective

Blogging Prompts:

 

PART I. SUMMARY REPORT OF EXPERIENCE

Where did you work? Describe your daily responsibilities and location assignment. Describe the clinical and teaching environment: inpatient and/or outpatient.  Expound on interesting clinical cases and patient/family interactions. Would you recommend this site to future residents, and why? Any significant non-medical experiences you had during your rotation that you would recommend to future residents?

PART II. REFLECTIONS FROM THE FIELD

1. Discuss how you feel your own culture and nationality played a part in your patients’ expressed needs and perceptions of you as a health care provider, and how these may have been different from your patient care experiences in the U.S.  How did you manage those needs and perceptions as you cared for your patients abroad? Describe and discuss a situation in which you were aware of your own ethnocentrism and how you managed that conflict personally.
    
2. The global health competency objectives for professionalism stress the values of curiosity, openness to learning from other cultures, and acknowledgement of the privilege it is to work with international colleagues. Describe and discuss a situation in which your openness and curiosity fostered a situation where both you and your international colleagues were able to learn from each other.
    
3. Prior to your departure for this experience, describe how you prepared to be able to control stress while you were abroad, e.g., losing your passport, becoming ill, preceptor plans don’t work out, communication difficulties, or lack of diagnostic or therapeutic resources, death of a patient, etc. , Reflect on whether this preparation was adequate. If not adequate, write how you could have prepared differently, or how you wish you had prepared.
    
4. Give one or more specific examples of a challenge of equity in ethical considerations of undertaking research in resource-poor areas, distribution of vaccines, distribution of medicines, and/or distribution of knowledge.
    
5. Write about one thing you learned in the international setting that would be useful in building a better health care delivery system in the U.S.  Describe one or more strengths you identified as part of the different system of medical training that you observed, and what that system’s strengths bring to the practice of medicine, research and teaching in that country.
    
6. Describe and discuss a situation in which you reserved a judgment of the medical system or a political opinion while abroad. How have you reconciled that conflict in your own mind since you have returned home? (If not reconciled, see your global health mentor to discuss the situation further!)
    
7. Discuss how the international experience has informed your practice of medicine in the U.S. Has the experience transformed how you view your role as a physician? Explain.
    
8. Will this experience impact your career plans? If yes, how?